Early Experience of Prostate Cancer Treated with CyberKnife(TM) Radiotherapy

PURPOSE: We investigated the outcome in patients with prostatic cancer treated by means of CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2007 and April 2009, 16 patients with prostate cancer underwent CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy. The histologic diagnosis was established by transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. Radiotherapy was performed for a dose of 34 Gy at 8.5 Gy per day over 4 to 18 days. Nine patients were treated with hormone therapy. After treatment, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse was evaluated with periodic PSA follow-up. RESULTS: The numbers of patients in clinical stages T2 and T3 were 13 and 3, respectively. Two patients had lymph node metastasis with no distant metastasis. The numbers of patients with a Gleason grade of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were 1, 5, 4, 3, and 2, respectively. The mean time to PSA nadir and the mean PSA at nadir were 7 months and 0.43 ng/ml, respectively. To date, there has been no biochemical failure or clinical recurrence. No severe complications were observed in any patients; observed minor complications [n (%)] were perianal pain [2 (12.5%)] and defecation discomfort [2 (12.5%)]. CONCLUSIONS: Generally good responses were observed in patients treated with CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy for prostate cancer. No severe complications were observed. More patients and a longer follow-up are required for further conclusions.

Effects of Ovariectomy and Estrogen Replacement on Rat Bladder Physiology and Morphology

PURPOSES: An overactive bladder is highly prevalent in middle-aged woman, especially during the postmenopausal period. We evaluated the relationship between detrusor overactivity and postmenopausal state and the effects of estrogen replacement for detrusor overactivity caused by the ovariectomy in rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the control, the ovariectomy group and the estrogen replacement group after the ovariectomy. The ovariectomy and estrogen replacement groups had the bilateral ovariectomies at 12 weeks of age. After 2 weeks, the control and ovariectomy groups were injected weekly with saline, while the estrogen replacement group was injected with estradiol benzoate (500 migrogram/kg) weekly. After 12 weeks, the voiding frequency study was recorded and a cystometrogram was performed while awake. The harvested bladders were used in the carbachol-induced detrusor muscle contraction study and the distribution of estrogen, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the rats' bladder. RESULTS: The ovariectomy group voided more frequently than the others (p=0.005). During the awake cystometrogram, the detrusor characteristics of the ovariectomy group were a higher mean intervoiding pressure and smaller bladder capacity than the others (p=0.000). There was no significant statistical difference between the control and estrogen replacement group. The other cystometric parameters were not statistically different either. The detrusor muscle contraction study showed no difference between three groups. There was a significant difference in the distribution of M2 and M3 receptors of bladder mucosa between the control and ovariectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the detrusor overactivity resulted from increased connective tissue ratio and decreased M2, M3 receptor in the bladder mucosa. Moreover, estrogen replacement in the postmenopausal state had the effect of reversing the physiological and morphological changes caused by an estrogen deficiency in the bladder.

A Case of a Gastric Submucosal Lymphatic Cyst Associated with Early Gastric Cancer / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A lymphatic cyst of the stomach is rare benign tumor which is composed of thin-walled lymphatic space lined by benign-appearing endothelial cells. It rarely manifests clinical symptoms, so it is found incidentally in most cases. Recently, a case of submucosal lymphatic cyst associated with early gastric cancer was experienced. An endoscopy revealed a slightly elevated, edematous lesion adjacent to the malignant ulcer. This case is herein reported with a brief review of related literature.